Cystitis

Key facts

• Cystitis is a bacterial infection of the bladder lining, one of the most common infections worldwide; women get it far more often than men.
• Main symptoms are burning or stinging when passing urine, a strong and frequent urge to go even with a near-empty bladder, and cloudy or strong-smelling urine.
• A short course of antibiotics such as nitrofurantoin, norfloxacin, or cefpodoxime clears most cases within days.
• See a doctor promptly if fever or back or flank pain appear, which can mean the infection has reached the kidneys.

What cystitis is

Cystitis is a bacterial infection of the bladder lining. It is one of the most common infections worldwide, and women are affected far more often than men, largely because a shorter urethra makes it easier for bacteria to reach the bladder.

What the symptoms feel like

The hallmark is a burning or stinging sensation when passing urine, often paired with a strong, frequent urge to urinate even when the bladder is nearly empty. Urine may look cloudy or carry an unusual smell, and some people notice dull pressure or discomfort in the lower abdomen. Fever is not typical with uncomplicated cystitis; if it shows up alongside back or flank pain, the infection may have spread to the kidneys and needs prompt medical attention.

How cystitis is treated

A short course of antibiotics clears most uncomplicated cases within a few days. Commonly used options include nitrofurantoin, which concentrates in the urinary tract, and norfloxacin, a fluoroquinolone active against the bacteria responsible for most bladder infections. Cefpodoxime, an oral cephalosporin, is another option. Drinking plenty of water throughout treatment helps flush the bladder and eases discomfort.

When to see a doctor

Get medical care promptly if burning urination comes with fever, chills, nausea, or pain in the back or side, since these can signal a kidney infection. Recurrent cystitis, three or more episodes in a year, is also worth discussing with a doctor, as it may call for a longer course of treatment or further investigation.

This page is educational and does not replace advice from a doctor or pharmacist who knows your health history.